Convict Australia. Note: Convict Australia is hosted on: Google.com Short History of Convict Australia explores the sites of Australia's convict past; from the beginning of the transportation of British prisoners in thel ate 18th century to the present celebrations of Australia Day.The 'First Fleet' of ships carrying 700 convicts, left England in 1787. Presenter Ian Wright describes the 15,000 mile voyage from Portsmouth Harbour via Rio De Janeiro and Cape Town to Botany Bay in Australia. From the official papers and chronicles kept at Sydney's Hyde Park Barracks, Ian traces his own possible convict ancestry then tries on some convict clothes from the period and learns about another form of convict identification, tattoos.At The Hero of Waterloo, one of the oldest convict built pubs, Ian samples convict rum with a local landlord who tells stories of press gangs and their practice of spiking rum with opium. At Wiseman's Ferry, outside Sydney,where a section of the convict built North Road still exists, Ian experiences sleeping conditions in portable cabins which housed the convicts. At the caves surrounding Picton, we are treated to aren dition of a legendary convict folksong about Jack Donohue, one of themany absconding convicts turned bushranger who was shot dead at th eage of 21. Fifteen hundred miles off the coast of New South Wales is Norfolk Island. Convict expert John Adams explains howthe prison built here in 1825 was meant to act as adeterrent. Conditions were so bad that convicts would commit mass suicide rather than face the brutality of the prison guards. Ian visits the site of the 'model prison' at Port Arthur in Tasmania. Here he finds out about experimental punishments that were intended to 'break the convictspirit' and consequently turn the men into model citizens. Historian Peter McFie describes how the convicts were allowed to express no form of communication except forsinging in the chapel and were forced to wear masks sothey would be unable to recognise each other. In nearby Koonya, Ian braves a convict breakfast, know asskilly, made up of oatmeal and bits of dried meat. At Macquarie Harbour, on Tasmania's West Coast, Ian learns about bizarre escape attempts from this remote convictoutpost. In Oatlands Ian meets convict descendants who describe how overthe years their families disguised their ancestry to avoid prejudice associated with convictry. They explain that it isonly recently that Australians have begun to accept and enjoy their convict history. Finally at Launceston, Ian discovers the flag of the Anti-Transportation League. The flag is similar to one which still represents the nation today and is apermanent reminder of Australia's convict past.
 Map Australia  Aboriginal Australia lacks mountains of great height; it is one of the worldâs flattest landmasses. The average elevation is about 300 m (about 1,000 ft). The interior, referred to as the outback, is predominantly a series of great plains, or low plateaus, which are generally higher in the northeast. Low-lying coastal plains, averaging about 65 km (about 40 mi) in width, fringe the continent. In the east, southeast, and southwest, these plains are the most densely populated areas of Australia.
In the east the coastal plains are separated from the vast interior plains by the Great Dividing Range, or Eastern Highlands. This mountainous region averages about 1,200 m (about 4,000 ft) in height and stretches along the eastern coast from Cape York in the north to Victoria in the southeast. Much of the region consists of high plateaus broken by gorges and canyons. Subdivisions of the range bear many local names, including, from north to south, the New England Plateau, Blue Mountains, and Australian Alps; in Victoria, where the range extends westward, it is known as the Grampian Mountains, or by its Aboriginal name, Gariwerd. The highest peak in the Australian Alps, and the highest in Australia, is Mount Kosciusko (2,228 m/7,310 ft), in New South Wales.
A section of the Great Dividing Range is in Tasmania, which is located about 240 km (about 150 mi) from the southeastern tip of the continent and is separated from it by Bass Strait. The waters of the strait are shallow, with an average depth of 70 m (230 ft). The major islands in the strait are the Furneaux Group and Kent Group in the east, and King, Hunter, Three Hummock, and Robbins islands in the west.
The western half of the continent is an enormous plateau, about 300 to 450 m (about 1,000 to 1,500 ft) above sea level. The Great Western Plateau includes the Great Sandy, Great Victoria, and Gibson deserts. Western Australia has, in its northern half, several isolated mountain ranges, including the King Leopold and Hamersley ranges. The interior is relatively flat except for several eroded mountain chains, such as the Stuart Range and the Musgrave Ranges in the northern part of South Australia and the Macdonnell Ranges in the southern part of the Northern Territory.
The central basin, or the Central-Eastern Lowlands, is an area of vast, rolling plains that extends west from the Great Dividing Range to the Great Western Plateau. In this region lies the richest pastoral and agricultural land in Australia. Uluru (Ayers Rock), in the center of Australia in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, is one of the largest monoliths in the world. It is 9 km (6 mi) around its base and rises sharply to some 348 m (1,142 ft) above the surrounding flat, arid land. Other mountain ranges of limited size in the central part of Australia are the Flinders Ranges and Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. The area along the south central coast is called the Nullarbor Plain. The Nullarbor is a vast, arid, limestone plateau that is virtually uninhabited. It has an extensive system of caverns, tunnels, and sinkholes that contain valuable geological information about life in ancient Australia. Extinct volcanic craters are located in the southeastern part of South Australia and in Victoria.
The coastline of Australia measures some 25,760 km (16,007 mi). It is generally regular, with few bays or capes. The largest inlets are the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north and the Great Australian Bight in the south. The several fine harbors include those of Sydney, Hobart, Port Lincoln, and Albany. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest known coral formation in the world. It extends some 2,010 km (some 1,250 mi) along the eastern coast of Queensland from Cape York in the north to Bundaberg in the south. The chain of reefs forms a natural breakwater along the coast for vessels of modest size but is sometimes hazardous for larger ships.
 Aboriginals People of European descent constitute about 91 percent of Australiaâs population. Although most claim British or Irish heritage, there are also Italian, Dutch, Greek, German, and other European groups. People of Asian descent or birth constitute about 7 percent of the population; their countries of origin include China, Vietnam, India, the Philippines, and Malaysia. People of Middle Eastern origin make up an estimated 1.9 percent of the population. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people constitute about 2.2 percent; their proportion of the total population rose strongly during the 1990s. Also known as Indigenous Australians, these two groups are the original inhabitants of the region. Torres Strait Islander people, who are a Melanesian people, are indigenous to the islands of the Torres Strait, which lies between the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland and the island of New Guinea.
The Aboriginal people are indigenous to Australia, meaning their ancestors were the first humans to settle and populate the continent. Aboriginal folklore claims that they were always in Australia. However, most anthropologists believe that they migrated from Southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago, probably during a period when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel. A rise in sea level subsequently made Tasmania an island and caused some cultural separation between its peoples and those on the mainland.
These original Australians were essentially hunter-gatherers without domesticated animals, other than the dingo. They employed a type of âfirestick farmingâ in which fire was used to clear areas so that fresh grazing grasses could grow, thereby attracting kangaroos and other game animals. Aboriginal people also may have harvested and dispersed selected seeds, perhaps creating extensive tracts of grassland in the process. There is evidence of careful damming and redirection of streams, and of swamp and lake outlets, possibly for fish farming.
Although the Aboriginal people were nomadic or seminomadic, their sense of place was exceptionally strong, and they had an intimate knowledge of the land. The most recent 3,000 years of Aboriginal history were characterized by accelerating changes based on the use of stone tools, the exploitation of new resources, the growth of the population, and the establishment of long-distance trading.
By the time of the first notable European settlement in 1788, Aboriginal people had developed cultural traits and ecological knowledge that showed an impressive adaptation to Australiaâs challenging environments. They also had developed many complex variations between regional and even local communities. Estimates for the total Aboriginal population in 1788 vary. Current estimates based on archaeological research range between 500,000 and 1 million. About 250 distinct languages existed at the beginning of the 19th century. Bilingualism and multilingualism were common characteristics in several hundred Aboriginal groups. These groupsâsometimes called tribesâwere linguistically defined and territorially based.
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